{"id":95,"date":"2015-11-09T20:15:48","date_gmt":"2015-11-09T20:15:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/?page_id=95"},"modified":"2018-04-19T09:40:59","modified_gmt":"2018-04-19T14:40:59","slug":"exopolysaccharides","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/molecular-mechanisms\/exopolysaccharides\/","title":{"rendered":"Exopolysaccharides"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-overflow:visible;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-two-third fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:65.3333%; margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p>Exopolysaccharides are a major component of many microbial biofilms. These long sugar polymers are often found both associated with the bacterial or fungal cell surface and as a secreted form. Exopolysaccharide biosynthesis is a multistep process that requires the polymerization of nucleotide-sugar precursors, and transport across either the cytoplasmic or plasma membrane. In the case of Gram-negative bacteria the polymer also needs to traverse the periplasm and be exported from the cell. The properties of the polymer are frequently modulated by chemical modification, which can occur either in the periplasm or extracellular space.<\/p>\n<p>Ongoing projects seek to determine the molecular mechanism(s) involved in the biosynthesis of:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/research\/exopolysaccharides\/alginate\/\">Alginate<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/research\/exopolysaccharides\/pel\/\">Pel polysaccharide<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/research\/exopolysaccharides\/psl\/\">Psl polysaccharide<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/research\/exopolysaccharides\/pnag\/\">Poly \u03b2-1,6-<em>N-<\/em>acetyl-D-glucosamine (PNAG)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/research\/exopolysaccharides\/gag\/\">Galactosaminogalactan (GAG)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-one-third fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:30.6666%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\" style=\"border-radius:10px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"485\" height=\"406\" alt=\"Micrograph of P. aeruginosa biofilm.\" title=\"micrograph\" src=\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2015\/11\/micrograph.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-310\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2015\/11\/micrograph-300x251.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2015\/11\/micrograph.jpg 485w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 485px) 100vw, 485px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><p>Micrograph of <em>P. aeruginosa\u00a0<\/em>biofilm growing on an inert surface. The bulk of the biofilm matrix is composed of exopolysaccharides.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1006,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-95","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.0 (Yoast SEO v27.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Exopolysaccharides - Howell Lab<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/molecular-mechanisms\/exopolysaccharides\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Exopolysaccharides\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/molecular-mechanisms\/exopolysaccharides\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Howell Lab\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-04-19T14:40:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2015\/11\/micrograph.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"485\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"406\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/molecular-mechanisms\/exopolysaccharides\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/molecular-mechanisms\/exopolysaccharides\/\",\"name\":\"Exopolysaccharides - Howell Lab\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/molecular-mechanisms\/exopolysaccharides\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/molecular-mechanisms\/exopolysaccharides\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2015\/11\/micrograph.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-11-09T20:15:48+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-04-19T14:40:59+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/molecular-mechanisms\/exopolysaccharides\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/molecular-mechanisms\/exopolysaccharides\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/molecular-mechanisms\/exopolysaccharides\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2015\/11\/micrograph.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2015\/11\/micrograph.jpg\",\"width\":485,\"height\":406},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/molecular-mechanisms\/exopolysaccharides\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Molecular Mechanisms\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/molecular-mechanisms\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Exopolysaccharides\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/\",\"name\":\"Howell Lab\",\"description\":\"The website of the Howell Lab at the SickKids Research Institute.\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Exopolysaccharides - Howell Lab","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/molecular-mechanisms\/exopolysaccharides\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Exopolysaccharides","og_url":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/molecular-mechanisms\/exopolysaccharides\/","og_site_name":"Howell Lab","article_modified_time":"2018-04-19T14:40:59+00:00","og_image":[{"width":485,"height":406,"url":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2015\/11\/micrograph.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/molecular-mechanisms\/exopolysaccharides\/","url":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/molecular-mechanisms\/exopolysaccharides\/","name":"Exopolysaccharides - Howell Lab","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/molecular-mechanisms\/exopolysaccharides\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/molecular-mechanisms\/exopolysaccharides\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2015\/11\/micrograph.jpg","datePublished":"2015-11-09T20:15:48+00:00","dateModified":"2018-04-19T14:40:59+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/molecular-mechanisms\/exopolysaccharides\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/molecular-mechanisms\/exopolysaccharides\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/molecular-mechanisms\/exopolysaccharides\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2015\/11\/micrograph.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2015\/11\/micrograph.jpg","width":485,"height":406},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/molecular-mechanisms\/exopolysaccharides\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Molecular Mechanisms","item":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/molecular-mechanisms\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Exopolysaccharides"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/#website","url":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/","name":"Howell Lab","description":"The website of the Howell Lab at the SickKids Research Institute.","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/95","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=95"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/95\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1233,"href":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/95\/revisions\/1233"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1006"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lab.research.sickkids.ca\/howell\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=95"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}